Computer Systems A Programmer's Perspective 2nd Ed PDF Download

This 2nd Edition book be a good addition to a programmer. Written by Randal E. Bryant, David R. O'Hallaron, book readings it gives complete information to read. Since 2010 this book is already available at books and book series Pearson Custom Computer Science Series.

The second edition was published by Addison-Wesley and already printed several times.

These reviews about this book

What could a lot for students to learn computer and this book introduces the theory and concepts of fundamental importance from the computer. The book that will show how the ideas can affect performance, provision of computer applications programs and utilities.

The presence of this book can help students expected in learning and preparing for their future to be a better understanding in the field of computers.

Table of Contents

Contents Preface xv 1 A Tour of Computer Systems 1 1.1 Information is Bits + Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.2 Programs Are Translated by Other Programs into Different Forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.3 It Pays to Understand How Compilation Systems Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.4 Processors Read and Interpret Instructions Stored in Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.4.1 Hardware Organization of a System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.4.2 Running the hello Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 1.5 Caches Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1.6 Storage Devices Form a Hierarchy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 1.7 The Operating System Manages the Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 1.7.1 Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 1.7.2 Threads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 1.7.3 Virtual Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 1.7.4 Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 1.8 Systems Communicate With Other Systems Using Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 1.9 Important Themes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 1.9.1 Concurrency and Parallelism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 1.9.2 The Importance of Abstractions in Computer Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 1.10 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 I Program Structure and Execution 25 2 Representing and Manipulating Information 29 2.1 Information Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 2.1.1 Hexadecimal Notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 2.1.2 Words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 2.1.3 Data Sizes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 2.1.4 Addressing and Byte Ordering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 2.1.5 Representing Strings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 2.1.6 Representing Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 2.1.7 Introduction to Boolean Algebra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 2.1.8 Bit-Level Operations in C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 2.1.9 Logical Operations in C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 2.1.10 Shift Operations in C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 2.2 Integer Representations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 2.2.1 Integral Data Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 2.2.2 Unsigned Encodings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 2.2.3 Two’s Complement Encodings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 2.2.4 Conversions Between Signed and Unsigned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 2.2.5 Signed vs. Unsigned in C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 2.2.6 Expanding the Bit Representation of a Number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 2.2.7 Truncating Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 2.2.8 Advice on Signed vs. Unsigned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 2.3 Integer Arithmetic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 2.3.1 Unsigned Addition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 2.3.2 Two’s-Complement Addition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 2.3.3 Two’s-Complement Negation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 2.3.4 Unsigned Multiplication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 2.3.5 Two’s-Complement Multiplication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 2.3.6 Multiplying by Constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 2.3.7 Dividing by Powers of Two . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 2.3.8 Final Thoughts on Integer Arithmetic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 2.4 Floating Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 2.4.1 Fractional Binary Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 2.4.2 IEEE Floating-Point Representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 2.4.3 Example Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 2.4.4 Rounding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 2.4.5 Floating-Point Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 2.4.6 Floating Point in C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 2.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 3 Machine-Level Representation of Programs 145 3.1 A Historical Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 3.2 Program Encodings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 3.2.1 Machine-Level Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 3.2.2 Code Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 3.2.3 Notes on Formatting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 3.3 Data Formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 3.4 Accessing Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 3.4.1 Operand Specifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 3.4.2 Data Movement Instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 3.4.3 Data Movement Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 3.5 Arithmetic and Logical Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 3.5.1 Load Effective Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 3.5.2 Unary and Binary Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 3.5.3 Shift Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 3.5.4 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 3.5.5 Special Arithmetic Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 3.6 Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 3.6.1 Condition Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 3.6.2 Accessing the Condition Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 3.6.3 Jump Instructions and their Encodings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 3.6.4 Translating Conditional Branches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 3.6.5 Loops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 3.6.6 Conditional Move Instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 3.6.7 Switch Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 3.7 Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 3.7.1 Stack Frame Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 3.7.2 Transferring Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 3.7.3 Register Usage Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 3.7.4 Procedure Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 3.7.5 Recursive Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 3.8 Array Allocation and Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 3.8.1 Basic Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 3.8.2 Pointer Arithmetic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 3.8.3 Nested Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 3.8.4 Fixed-Size Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 3.8.5 Variable-Size Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 3.9 Heterogeneous Data Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 3.9.1 Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 3.9.2 Unions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 3.9.3 Data Alignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234 3.10 Putting it Together: Understanding Pointers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 3.11 Life in the Real World: Using the GDB Debugger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 3.12 Out-of-Bounds Memory References and Buffer Overflow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 3.12.1 Thwarting Buffer Overflow Attacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246 3.13 x86-64: Extending IA32 to 64 Bits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 3.13.1 History and Motivation for x86-64 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 3.13.2 An Overview of x86-64 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 3.13.3 Accessing Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256 3.13.4 Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262 3.13.5 Data Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 3.13.6 Concluding Observations about x86-64 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274 3.14 Machine-Level Representations of Floating-Point Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274 3.15 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 4 Processor Architecture 317 4.1 The Y86 Instruction Set Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319 4.1.1 Programmer-Visible State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320 4.1.2 Y86 Instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320 4.1.3 Instruction Encoding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322 4.1.4 Y86 Exceptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326 4.1.5 Y86 Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327 4.1.6 Some Y86 Instruction Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332 4.2 Logic Design and the Hardware Control Language HCL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334 4.2.1 Logic Gates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335 4.2.2 Combinational Circuits and HCL Boolean Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335 4.2.3 Word-Level Combinational Circuits and HCL Integer Expressions . . . . . . . . . . 337 4.2.4 Set Membership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341 4.2.5 Memory and Clocking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342 4.3 Sequential Y86 Implementations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345 4.3.1 Organizing Processing into Stages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345 4.3.2 SEQ Hardware Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355 4.3.3 SEQ Timing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359 4.3.4 SEQ Stage Implementations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362 4.4 General Principles of Pipelining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370 4.4.1 Computational Pipelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370 4.4.2 A Detailed Look at Pipeline Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372 4.4.3 Limitations of Pipelining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374 4.4.4 Pipelining a System with Feedback . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376 4.5 Pipelined Y86 Implementations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377 4.5.1 SEQ+: Rearranging the Computation Stages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377 4.5.2 Inserting Pipeline Registers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379 4.5.3 Rearranging and Relabeling Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383 4.5.4 Next PC Prediction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384 4.5.5 Pipeline Hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386 4.5.6 Avoiding Data Hazards by Stalling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391 4.5.7 Avoiding Data Hazards by Forwarding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393 4.5.8 Load/Use Data Hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397 4.5.9 Exception Handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401 4.5.10 PIPE Stage Implementations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403 4.5.11 Pipeline Control Logic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410 4.5.12 Performance Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422 4.5.13 Unfinished Business . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424 4.6 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426 4.6.1 Y86 Simulators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428 5 Optimizing Program Performance 449 5.1 Capabilities and Limitations of Optimizing Compilers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451 5.2 Expressing Program Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454 5.3 Program Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457 5.4 Eliminating Loop Inefficiencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460 5.5 Reducing Procedure Calls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466 5.6 Eliminating Unneeded Memory References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466 5.7 Understanding Modern Processors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470 5.7.1 Overall Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471 5.7.2 Functional Unit Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474 5.7.3 An Abstract Model of Processor Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476 5.8 Loop Unrolling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481 5.9 Enhancing Parallelism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486 5.9.1 Multiple Accumulators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486 5.9.2 Reassociation Transformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491 5.10 Summary of Results for Optimizing Combining Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497 5.11 Some Limiting Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498 5.11.1 Register Spilling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498 5.11.2 Branch Prediction and Misprediction Penalties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499 5.12 Understanding Memory Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503 5.12.1 Load Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504 5.12.2 Store Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505 5.13 Life in the Real World: Performance Improvement Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511 5.14 Identifying and Eliminating Performance Bottlenecks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 512 5.14.1 Program Profiling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 512 5.14.2 Using a Profiler to Guide Optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514 5.14.3 Amdahl’s Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 518 5.15 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519 6 The Memory Hierarchy 531 6.1 Storage Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 532 6.1.1 Random-Access Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 532 6.1.2 Disk Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539 6.1.3 Solid State Disks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 551 6.1.4 Storage Technology Trends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553 6.2 Locality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 556 6.2.1 Locality of References to Program Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557 6.2.2 Locality of Instruction Fetches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559 6.2.3 Summary of Locality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559 6.3 The Memory Hierarchy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 560 6.3.1 Caching in the Memory Hierarchy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 562 6.3.2 Summary of Memory Hierarchy Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 564 6.4 Cache Memories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565 6.4.1 Generic Cache Memory Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 566 6.4.2 Direct-Mapped Caches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 568 6.4.3 Set Associative Caches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 574 6.4.4 Fully Associative Caches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 576 6.4.5 Issues with Writes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579 6.4.6 Anatomy of a Real Cache Hierarchy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 580 6.4.7 Performance Impact of Cache Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581 6.5 Writing Cache-friendly Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583 6.6 Putting it Together: The Impact of Caches on Program Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . 588 6.6.1 The Memory Mountain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 588 6.6.2 Rearranging Loops to Increase Spatial Locality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 592 6.6.3 Exploiting Locality in Your Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 596 6.7 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 597 II Running Programs on a System 619 7 Linking 623 7.1 Compiler Drivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 624 7.2 Static Linking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 625 7.3 Object Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 626 7.4 Relocatable Object Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 627 7.5 Symbols and Symbol Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 628 7.6 Symbol Resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 631 7.6.1 How Linkers Resolve Multiply Defined Global Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 632 7.6.2 Linking with Static Libraries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 635 7.6.3 How Linkers Use Static Libraries to Resolve References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 638 7.7 Relocation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 640 7.7.1 Relocation Entries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 640 7.7.2 Relocating Symbol References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 641 7.8 Executable Object Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 645 7.9 Loading Executable Object Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 646 7.10 Dynamic Linking with Shared Libraries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 648 7.11 Loading and Linking Shared Libraries from Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 650 7.12 *Position-Independent Code (PIC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 653 7.13 Tools for Manipulating Object Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 656 7.14 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 656 8 Exceptional Control Flow 667 8.1 Exceptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 668 8.1.1 Exception Handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 670 8.1.2 Classes of Exceptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 671 8.1.3 Exceptions in Linux/IA32 Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 673 8.2 Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 677 8.2.1 Logical Control Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 677 8.2.2 Concurrent Flows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 678 8.2.3 Private Address Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 679 8.2.4 User and Kernel Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 679 8.2.5 Context Switches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 681 8.3 System Call Error Handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 682 8.4 Process Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 683 8.4.1 Obtaining Process ID’s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 683 8.4.2 Creating and Terminating Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 684 8.4.3 Reaping Child Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 688 8.4.4 Putting Processes to Sleep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 694 8.4.5 Loading and Running Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 695 8.4.6 Using fork and execve to Run Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 697 8.5 Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 701 8.5.1 Signal Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 701 8.5.2 Sending Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 703 8.5.3 Receiving Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 706 8.5.4 Signal Handling Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 710 8.5.5 Portable Signal Handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 716 8.5.6 Explicitly Blocking and Unblocking Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 717 8.5.7 Synchronizing Flows to Avoid Nasty Concurrency Bugs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 719 8.6 Nonlocal Jumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 721 8.7 Tools for Manipulating Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 727 8.8 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 727 9 Virtual Memory 741 9.1 Physical and Virtual Addressing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 742 9.2 Address Spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 743 9.3 VM as a Tool for Caching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 744 9.3.1 DRAM Cache Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 745 9.3.2 Page Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 745 9.3.3 Page Hits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 746 9.3.4 Page Faults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 747 9.3.5 Allocating Pages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 748 9.3.6 Locality to the Rescue Again . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 749 9.4 VM as a Tool for Memory Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 749 9.5 VM as a Tool for Memory Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 751 9.6 Address Translation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 752 9.6.1 Integrating Caches and VM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 755 9.6.2 Speeding up Address Translation with a TLB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 756 9.6.3 Multi Level Page Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 756 9.6.4 Putting it Together: End-to-end Address Translation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 759 9.7 Case Study: The Intel Core i7/Linux Memory System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 763 9.7.1 Core i7 Address Translation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 763 9.7.2 Linux Virtual Memory System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 767 9.8 Memory Mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 770 9.8.1 Shared Objects Revisited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 771 9.8.2 The fork Function Revisited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 773 9.8.3 The execve Function Revisited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 773 9.8.4 User-level Memory Mapping with the mmap Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 774 9.9 Dynamic Memory Allocation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 776 9.9.1 The malloc and free Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 777 9.9.2 Why Dynamic Memory Allocation? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 780 9.9.3 Allocator Requirements and Goals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 781 9.9.4 Fragmentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 782 9.9.5 Implementation Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 783 9.9.6 Implicit Free Lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 784 9.9.7 Placing Allocated Blocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 785 9.9.8 Splitting Free Blocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 786 9.9.9 Getting Additional Heap Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 786 9.9.10 Coalescing Free Blocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 786 9.9.11 Coalescing with Boundary Tags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 787 9.9.12 Putting it Together: Implementing a Simple Allocator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 789 9.9.13 Explicit Free Lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 797 9.9.14 Segregated Free Lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 798 9.10 Garbage Collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 800 9.10.1 Garbage Collector Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 801 9.10.2 Mark&Sweep Garbage Collectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 802 9.10.3 Conservative Mark&Sweep for C Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 804 9.11 Common Memory-Related Bugs in C Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 805 9.11.1 Dereferencing Bad Pointers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 805 9.11.2 Reading Uninitialized Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 805 9.11.3 Allowing Stack Buffer Overflows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 806 9.11.4 Assuming that Pointers and the Objects they Point to Are the Same Size . . . . . . . 806 9.11.5 Making Off-by-One Errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 807 9.11.6 Referencing a Pointer Instead of the Object it Points to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 807 9.11.7 Misunderstanding Pointer Arithmetic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 808 9.11.8 Referencing Nonexistent Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 808 9.11.9 Referencing Data in Free Heap Blocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 808 9.11.10 Introducing Memory Leaks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 809 9.12 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 809 III Interaction and Communication Between Programs 819 10 System-Level I/O 823 10.1 Unix I/O . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 824 10.2 Opening and Closing Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 824 10.3 Reading and Writing Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 826 10.4 Robust Reading and Writing with the RIO Package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 828 10.4.1 RIO Unbuffered Input and Output Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 828 10.4.2 RIO Buffered Input Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 829 10.5 Reading File Metadata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 832 10.6 Sharing Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 837 10.7 I/O Redirection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 840 10.8 Standard I/O . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 841 10.9 Putting It Together: Which I/O Functions Should I Use? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 842 10.10Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 843 11 Network Programming 847 11.1 The Client-Server Programming Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 847 11.2 Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 848 11.3 The Global IP Internet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 853 11.3.1 IP Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 854 11.3.2 Internet Domain Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 856 11.3.3 Internet Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 860 11.4 The Sockets Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 861 11.4.1 Socket Address Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 861 11.4.2 The socket Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 862 11.4.3 The connect Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 863 11.4.4 The open clientfd Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 864 11.4.5 The bind Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 865 11.4.6 The listen Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 865 11.4.7 The open listenfd Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 865 11.4.8 The accept Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 867 11.4.9 Example Echo Client and Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 868 11.5 Web Servers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 871 11.5.1 Web Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 871 11.5.2 Web Content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 872 11.5.3 HTTP Transactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 873 11.5.4 Serving Dynamic Content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 876 11.6 Putting it Together: The TINY Web Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 877 11.7 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 887 12 Concurrent Programming 893 12.1 Concurrent Programming With Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 894 12.1.1 A Concurrent Server Based on Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 895 12.1.2 Pros and Cons of Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 896 12.2 Concurrent Programming With I/O Multiplexing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 898 12.2.1 A Concurrent Event-Driven Server Based on I/O Multiplexing . . . . . . . . . . . . 901 12.2.2 Pros and Cons of I/O Multiplexing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 903 12.3 Concurrent Programming With Threads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 906 12.3.1 Thread Execution Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 907 12.3.2 Posix Threads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 907 12.3.3 Creating Threads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 908 12.3.4 Terminating Threads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 909 12.3.5 Reaping Terminated Threads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 910 12.3.6 Detaching Threads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 910 12.3.7 Initializing Threads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 911 12.3.8 A Concurrent Server Based on Threads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 911 12.4 Shared Variables in Threaded Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 913 12.4.1 Threads Memory Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 913 12.4.2 Mapping Variables to Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 915 12.4.3 Shared Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 915 12.5 Synchronizing Threads with Semaphores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 916 12.5.1 Progress Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 919 12.5.2 Semaphores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 921 12.5.3 Using Semaphores for Mutual Exclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 922 12.5.4 Using Semaphores to Schedule Shared Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 924 12.5.5 Putting It Together: A Concurrent Server Based on Prethreading . . . . . . . . . . . 928 12.6 Using Threads for Parallelism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 929 12.7 Other Concurrency Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 936 12.7.1 Thread Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 936 12.7.2 Reentrancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 939 12.7.3 Using Existing Library Functions in Threaded Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 940 12.7.4 Races . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 941 12.7.5 Deadlocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 943 12.8 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 945 A Error Handling 957 A.1 Error Handling in Unix Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 957 A.2 Error-Handling Wrappers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 959

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Foundations of Algorithms Fourth Edition PDF Download

The Foundations of Algorithms Fourth Edition eBook provides information about the basics of algorithms to learn. Then many new things found that are discussed in this book. Written by Richard Neapolitan (Author), Kumarss Naimipour (Author), this book managed to get 9 comments from readers of the source of a page.

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Book readings offers a true and balanced presentation of the design complexity of algorithms, analysis of algorithms, and computational complexity. This Volume accessible to mainstream computer science students who have basic from the college algebra and discrete structures. Then to support their approach, the author describes the Group of mathematical concepts using standard United Kingdom language and notation is simpler than that found in most texts.

Reviews of draft mathematics so important are presented in this book. The team of writers also reinforce explanation accompanied attachment concrete examples to help students to understand easily.

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Software Engineering A Practitioner's Approach 7e PDF Download

In the Software Engineering A Practitioner's Approach 7th Edition eBook as a guide for people who are studying computer science in schools is good or not. Written by Roger Pressman's book has the cover of the paperback and already get 3 comments from readers.

Have the thickness of the page as much as 928 published by McGraw-Hill publishers in 2009.

Here is my review about this book for you to read.

This book has become the world's leading book in software engineering. Many of the things that represent the major restructuring and an update of the previous edition, strengthen the position of the most comprehensive Guidebook to this important subject.

The seventh edition of this book has been designed to consolidate and restructure content were introduced during the past two editions of the book. The structure of the chapter will return to the more linear presentation of software engineering topics with an emphasis on the major activities that are part of the process of generic software. The content will focus on software engineering methods that are widely used and will be de-emphasized or entirely eliminate secondary discussion methods, tools and techniques. The aim is to provide a more targeted approach, prescriptive and focused, while trying to maintain the reputation of "SEPA" as a comprehensive guide to software engineering. Read More. ..

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UNIX Systems Programming, Kay 2nd Edition PDF Download

This UNIX Systems Programming: Communication, Concurrency and Threads 2nd Edition eBook relates to systems and programming suitable for students who are studying at school, college or even the pros. Written by Kay A. Robbins, Steve Robbins, the book is sold at a price of $60.95.

The number is 912 pages and was published by Prentice Hall, second edition complements the previous edition. There are also some things that are discussed in this second edition are;

• UNIX processes, files, and special files
• Signals and timers
• POSIX threads, semaphores, and IPC
• TCP, UDP, multicast, and the Web
• Features projects on Internet radio, server performance, timers, web caching, and shells

Since 2003 in the bookstore has been selling this book and many readers who 've bought this book as you wish. There are buy print and digital editions . Of course the price of both are different and usually cheaper prices of digital books .

The following information about this book that I got from BN.

This classic book shows how to design complex software to get the most out of the UNIX operating system . UNIX Systems Programming provides information that is clear and easy to understand introduction to the essence of UNIX programming . Starting with a short code snippet that illustrates how to use the system calls , and the authors move quickly to hands-on projects that help readers develop their skill level .

This book is very practical and thoroughly explores communication , concurrency , and multithreading . Known for explanationsof topic clearly comprehensive and complicated as signals and concurrency , the bookfeatures practical examples , exercises , reusable code , and simplifiedlibraries for use in network communication applications .

Table of contents
I. FUNDAMENTALS. 1. Technologys Impact on Programs. 2. Programs, Processes and Threads. 3. Processes in UNIX. 4. UNIX I/O. 5. Files and Directories. 6. UNIX Special Files. 7. Project: The Token Ring. 8. Signals. II. ASYNCHRONOUS EVENTS. 9. Times and Timers. 10. Project: Virtual Timers. 11. Project: Cracking Shells. III. CONCURRENCY. 12. POSIX Threads. 13. Thread Synchronization. 14. Critical Sections and Semaphores. 15. POSIX IPC. 16. Project: Producer Consumer Synchronization. 17. Project: The Not Too Parallel Virtual Machine. IV. COMMUNICATION. 18. Connection-Oriented Communication. 19. Project: WWWRedirection. 20. Connectionless Communication and Multicast. 21. Project: Internet Radio. 22. Project: Server Performance. APPENDICES. Appendix A. UNIX Fundamentals. Appendix B. Restart Library. Appendix C. UICI Implementation. Appendix D. Logging Functions. Appendix E. POSIX Extensions. Bibliography. Program Index. Index.

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Probability and Stochastic Processes 3rd Edition PDF Download

This Probability and Stochastic Processes 3rd Edition eBook on Probability and Stochastic Processes relationship with a decent read for those who are studying computer science. Written by Roy D. Yates , in this third edition has 512 number of pages as the cover for the paperback format , and a PDF edition or digital books is the same .

Sell ​​for around $152.45 if you buy , but the rent price for this book is cheaper , about $129.00 . Issued by publisher Wiley in early 2014, makes this book was said to be new. Written in 3 new Amazon page readers to comment on books that I review in this blog .

With a long title Probability and Stochastic Processes : A Friendly Introduction for Electrical and Computer Engineers , the following review of this book.

Students will become familiar with and understand about the techniques of probability theory and stochastic processes . Along with the development of a comprehensive mathematical information from the subject , this book provides an intuitive explanation of the important points in order to increase students' knowledge they need to apply mathematics to practical engineering problems.

In each of this book is the discussion of the core and very important to be learned by the students . Selecting each chapter to be studied must be tailored to the needs of students.

This turned out to be a great book to have a problem, namely the problem of high prices .

Table of contents

Features of this Text i Preface vii 1 Experiments, Models, and Probabilities 1 Getting Started with Probability 1 1.1 Set Theory 3 1.2 Applying Set Theory to Probability 7 1.3 Probability Axioms 11 1.4 Conditional Probability 15 1.5 Partitions and the Law of Total Probability 18 1.6 Independence 24 1.7 Matlab 27 Problems 29 2 Sequential Experiments 35 2.1 Tree Diagrams 35 2.2 Counting Methods 40 2.3 Independent Trials 49 2.4 Reliability Analysis 52 2.5 Matlab 55 Problems 57 3 Discrete Random Variables 62 3.1 Definitions 62 3.2 Probability Mass Function 65 3.3 Families of Discrete Random Variables 68 3.4 Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF) 77 3.5 Averages and Expected Value 80 3.6 Functions of a Random Variable 86 3.7 Expected Value of a Derived Random Variable 90 3.8 Variance and Standard Deviation 93 3.9 Matlab 99 Problems 106 4 Continuous Random Variables 118 4.1 Continuous Sample Space 118 4.2 The Cumulative Distribution Function 121 4.3 Probability Density Function 123 4.4 Expected Values 128 4.5 Families of Continuous Random Variables 132 4.6 Gaussian Random Variables 138 4.7 Delta Functions, Mixed Random Variables 145 4.8 Matlab 152 Problems 154 5 Multiple Random Variables 162 5.1 Joint Cumulative Distribution Function 163 5.2 Joint Probability Mass Function 166 5.3 Marginal PMF 169 5.4 Joint Probability Density Function 171 5.5 Marginal PDF 177 5.6 Independent Random Variables 178 5.7 Expected Value of a Function of Two Random Variables 181 5.8 Covariance, Correlation and Independence 184 5.9 Bivariate Gaussian Random Variables 191 5.10 Multivariate Probability Models 195 5.11 Matlab 201 Problems 206 6 Probability Models of Derived Random Variables 218 6.1 PMF of a Function of Two Discrete Random Variables 219 6.2 Functions Yielding Continuous Random Variables 220 6.3 Functions Yielding Discrete or Mixed Random Variables 226 6.4 Continuous Functions of Two Continuous Random Variables 229 6.5 PDF of the Sum of Two Random Variables 232 6.6 Matlab 234 Problems 236 7 Conditional Probability Models 242 7.1 Conditioning a Random Variable by an Event 242 7.2 Conditional Expected Value Given an Event 248 7.3 Conditioning Two Random Variables by an Event 252 7.4 Conditioning by a Random Variable 256 7.5 Conditional Expected Value Given a Random Variable 262 7.6 Bivariate Gaussian Random Variables: Conditional PDFs 265 7.7 Matlab 268 Problems 269 8 Random Vectors 277 8.1 Vector Notation 277 8.2 Independent Random Variables and Random Vectors 280 8.3 Functions of Random Vectors 281 8.4 Expected Value Vector and Correlation Matrix 285 8.5 Gaussian Random Vectors 291 8.6 Matlab 298 Problems 300 9 Sums of Random Variables 306 9.1 Expected Values of Sums 306 9.2 Moment Generating Functions 310 9.3 MGF of the Sum of Independent Random Variables 314 9.4 Random Sums of Independent Random Variables 317 9.5 Central Limit Theorem 321 9.6 Matlab 328 Problems 331 10 The Sample Mean 337 10.1 Sample Mean: Expected Value and Variance 337 10.2 Deviation of a Random Variable from the Expected Value 339 10.3 Laws of Large Numbers 343 10.4 Point Estimates of Model Parameters 345 10.5 Confidence Intervals 352 10.6 Matlab 358 Problems 360 11 Hypothesis Testing 366 11.1 Significance Testing 367 11.2 Binary Hypothesis Testing 370 11.3 Multiple Hypothesis Test 384 11.4 Matlab 387 Problems 389 12 Estimation of a Random Variable 399 12.1 Minimum Mean Square Error Estimation 400 12.2 Linear Estimation of X given Y 404 12.3 MAP and ML Estimation 409 12.4 Linear Estimation of Random Variables from Random Vectors 414 12.5 Matlab 421 Problems 423 13 Stochastic Processes 429 13.1 Definitions and Examples 430 13.2 Random Variables from Random Processes 435 13.3 Independent, Identically Distributed Random Sequences 437 13.4 The Poisson Process 439 13.5 Properties of the Poisson Process 443 13.6 The Brownian Motion Process 446 13.7 Expected Value and Correlation 448 13.8 Stationary Processes 452 13.9 Wide Sense Stationary Stochastic Processes 455 13.10 Cross-Correlation 459 13.11 Gaussian Processes 462 13.12 Matlab 464 Problems 468 Appendix A Families of Random Variables 477 A.1 Discrete Random Variables 477 A.2 Continuous Random Variables 479 Appendix B A Few Math Facts 483 References 489 Index 491

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